Kingdom of Saxony

Königreich Sachsen Kingdom of Saxony ← 1806–1918 → Flag Coat of arms Anthem Sachsen Hymne Kingdom of Saxony within the German Empire Capital Dresden Government Monarchy King  - 1806–1827 Frederick Augustus I  - 1904–1918 Frederick Augustus III History  - Established 1806  - Disestablished 1918 Area  - 1910 14,993 km2 (5,789 sq mi) Population  - 1910 est. 4,806,661       Density 320.6 /km2  (830.3 /sq mi) Currency Saxon thaler(till 1857) Saxon vereinsthaler(1857–1873)Goldmark (1873–1914) Papiermark (from 1914)

The Kingdom of Saxony (German: Königreich Sachsen), lasting between 1806 and 1918, was an independent member of a number of historical confederacies in Napoleonic through post-Napoleonic Germany. From 1871 it was part of the German Empire. It became a Free state in the era of Weimar Republic in 1918 after the end of World War I and the abdication of King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony. Its capital was the city of Dresden, and its modern successor state is the Free State of Saxony.

The Napoleonic Era and the German Confederation

Flag of the Electorate of Saxony before 1815

Before 1806 Saxony was part of the Holy Roman Empire, a thousand-year-old entity which had once aspired to be a single state, but had become highly decentralised over the centuries. The rulers of Electorate of Saxony had held the title of elector for several centuries. When the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved following the defeat of Emperor Francis II by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz, the electorate was raised to the status of an independent kingdom with the support of France, then the dominant power in Central Europe. The last elector of Saxony became King Frederick Augustus I.

Following the defeat of Saxony's ally Prussia at the Battle of Jena in 1806, Saxony joined the Confederation of the Rhine, and remained within the Confederation until its dissolution in 1813 with Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig. Following the battle, in which Saxony - virtually alone of the German states - had fought alongside the French, King Frederick Augustus I was deserted by his troops, taken prisoner by the Prussians^[1] and considered to have forfeited his throne by the allies, who put Saxony under Russian occupation and administration. This was probably more due to the Prussian desire to annex Saxony than to any crime on Frederick Augustus's part, and the fate of Saxony would prove to be one of the main issues at the Congress of Vienna. In the end, 40% of the Kingdom, including the historically significant Wittenberg, home of the Protestant Reformation, was annexed by Prussia, but Frederick Augustus was restored to the throne in the remainder of his kingdom, which still included the major cities of Dresden and Leipzig. The Kingdom also joined the German Confederation, the new organization of the German states to replace the Holy Roman Empire.

The Austro-Prussian War and the German Empire

The Kingdom of Saxony in 1895

During the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, Saxony sided with Austria, and the Saxon army was generally seen as the only ally to bring substantial aid to the Austrian cause, having abandoned the defense of Saxony itself to join up with the Austrian army in Bohemia. This effectiveness probably allowed Saxony to escape the fate of other north German states which allied with Austria (notably the Kingdom of Hanover), which were annexed by Prussia after the war. The Austrians insisted as a point of honour that Saxony must be spared, and the Prussians acquiesced. Saxony nevertheless joined the Prussian-led North German Confederation the next year. With Prussia's victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, the members of the Confederation were organised by Otto von Bismarck into the German Empire, with Wilhelm I as its Emperor. John I, as Saxony's incumbent king, was subordinate and owed allegiance to the Emperor, although he, like the other German princes, retained some of the prerogatives of a sovereign ruler, including the ability to enter into diplomatic relations with other states.

The end of the kingdom

Wilhelm I's grandson Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated in 1918 as a result of Germany's defeat in the First World War. King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony followed him into abdication and the erstwhile Kingdom of Saxony became the Free State of Saxony within the newly-formed Weimar Republic.

See also

• Saxony
• History of Saxony
• Kings of Saxony
• Royal Saxon Army

References

States of the Confederation of the Rhine (1806–13) Rank elevated by Napoleon Kingdoms Bavaria · Saxony · Württemberg Grand Duchies Baden · Hesse States created Kingdoms Westphalia Grand Duchies Berg · Frankfurt1 · Würzburg Principalities Aschaffenburg2 · Leyen · Regensburg2 Pre-existing states Duchies Anhalt (Bernburg · Dessau · Köthen) · Arenberg · Mecklenburg (Schwerin · Strelitz) · Nassau · Oldenburg · Saxony (Coburg-Saalfeld · Gotha-Altenburg · Hildburghausen · Meiningen · Weimar3 · Eisenach3 · Weimar-Eisenach4) Principalities Hohenzollern (Hechingen · Sigmaringen) · Isenburg-Birstein · Liechtenstein · Lippe-Detmold · Reuss (Ebersdorf · Greiz · Lobenstein · Schleiz) · Salm5 · Schaumburg-Lippe · Schwarzburg (Rudolstadt · Sondershausen) · Waldeck 1 from 1810.   2 until 1810.   3 until 1809.   4 from 1809.   5 until 1811.

States of the German Confederation (1815–66) Empires Austria Kingdoms Prussia · Bavaria · Saxony · Hanover · Württemberg Electorates Hesse Grand Duchies Baden · Hesse · Luxembourg · Mecklenburg (Schwerin · Strelitz) · Oldenburg · Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Duchies Anhalt (Bernburg1 · Dessau1 · Köthen2) · Brunswick · Holstein · Limburg3 · Nassau · Saxony (Altenburg4 · Coburg-Saalfeld5 · Coburg-Gotha4 · Gotha-Altenburg5 · Hildburghausen5 · Lauenburg · Meiningen) Principalities Hesse-Homburg · Hohenzollern (Hechingen6 · Sigmaringen6) · Liechtenstein · Lippe · Reuss (Elder · Junior) · Schaumburg-Lippe · Schwarzburg (Rudolstadt · Sondershausen) · Waldeck and Pyrmont City-states Bremen · Frankfurt · Hamburg · Lübeck 1 Merged with Anhalt from 1863.   2 until 1847.   3 from 1839.   4 from 1826.   5 until 1826.   6 until 1850.

States of the North German Confederation (1866–71) Kingdoms Prussia · Saxony Grand Duchies Hesse · Mecklenburg (Schwerin · Strelitz) · Oldenburg · Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Duchies Anhalt · Brunswick · Saxony (Altenburg · Coburg and Gotha · Meiningen) Principalities Schaumburg-Lippe · Schwarzburg (Rudolstadt · Sondershausen) · Lippe · Reuss (Elder · Junior) · Waldeck-Pyrmont City-states Bremen · Hamburg · Lübeck

States of the German Empire (1871–1918) Kingdoms Prussia · Bavaria · Saxony · Württemberg Grand Duchies Baden · Hesse · Mecklenburg-Schwerin · Mecklenburg-Strelitz · Oldenburg · Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Duchies Anhalt · Brunswick · Saxe-Altenburg · Saxe-Coburg and Gotha · Saxe-Lauenburg (until 1876) · Saxe-Meiningen Principalities Schaumburg-Lippe · Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt · Schwarzburg-Sondershausen · Lippe · Reuss Elder Line · Reuss Junior Line · Waldeck-Pyrmont City-states Bremen · Hamburg · Lübeck Other territories Alsace-Lorraine · Colonial possessions